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2021
Andrade, Eduardo Chumbinho; Girardi, Eduardo Augusto; Stuchi, Eduardo Sanches; Moreira, Alecio Souza; Freitas-Astua, Juliana; Fancelli, Marilene; Silva, Suely Xavier Brito; Laranjeira, Francisco Ferraz
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) and the Brazilian Efforts to Overcome the Disease Journal Article
In: Outlooks on Pest Management, vol. 32, iss. 5, pp. 189-194, 2021, ISSN: 17431034.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: CITRUS GREENING, CONTROL, DISEASE SURVEILLANCE, epidemiology, VECTORS
@article{nokey,
title = {Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) and the Brazilian Efforts to Overcome the Disease},
author = {Eduardo Chumbinho Andrade and Eduardo Augusto Girardi and Eduardo Sanches Stuchi and Alecio Souza Moreira and Juliana Freitas-Astua and Marilene Fancelli and Suely Xavier Brito Silva and Francisco Ferraz Laranjeira},
doi = {10.1564/V32_OCT_02},
issn = {17431034},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Outlooks on Pest Management},
volume = {32},
issue = {5},
pages = {189-194},
publisher = {Research Information},
abstract = {Recorded in Brazil since 2004, Huanglongbing (HLB), or simply Greening, is the most impacting disease in citrus production worldwide. It induces qualitative and quantitative losses in production, but also can be lethal to the infected citrus plant. The disease is caused by phloem-limited bacteria with three identified species, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), Ca. L. africanus (CLaf), and Ca. L. americanus (CLam). CLas and CLam are reported in Brazil, being vectored by the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri. HLB-infected citrus exhibit blotchy mottling with green islands on leaves, and small and lopsided fruits. As the infection progresses, excessive fruit drop and dead branches are frequently observed, shortening the trees' lifespan and reducing fruit yield and quality. HLB occurrence is restricted to the States of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul and Paraná, which corresponds to more than 85% of citrus production in Brazil. Although citrus production is concentrated in these states, commercial citrus groves are present in 85% of the microregions of Brazil, reinforcing the economic and social importance of citrus for the country. Thus, in addition to the economic damage already caused to the national citrus industry, the spread of HLB to other regions of Brazil represents a great risk to the economic and food security of these non-affected regions. For this reason, the management of HLB is supported by legislative force, both at the federal and state levels. In 2008, based on scientific knowledge at the time, the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture published a Normative Instruction 53 (IN53) which established criteria related to HLB surveillance and control, imposing the obligation to carry out periodic phytosanitary inspections, eradication of symptomatic hosts and planting HLB-free nursery trees. The implementation of IN53 has already resulted in the eradication of 55.5 million HLB-infected citrus plants in the State of São Paulo alone in the period from 2007 to 2019. In May 2021, IN53 was revoked and Portaria 317 was published. This new policy establishes the National Programme for HLB Prevention and Control. It addresses the problem according to the HLB status in each State, with or without the disease, and sets the general guidelines for local control actions. In view of the economic importance and complexity of this pathosystem, the disease has required concerted mobilization of the research community and inter-institutional cooperation, which has been working intensively to understand all the components directly and indirectly involved with the pathosystem. Also, a major cooperation effort is needed to gather all the information to develop and/or improve technologies and cultural practices to fight the disease better and reduce its impacts as much as possible. Here we present some of these efforts which are being carried out to develop short, medium and long term solutions for HLB control and management in areas of occurrence, as well as for surveillance and risk mitigation in non-affected areas.},
keywords = {CITRUS GREENING, CONTROL, DISEASE SURVEILLANCE, epidemiology, VECTORS},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Recorded in Brazil since 2004, Huanglongbing (HLB), or simply Greening, is the most impacting disease in citrus production worldwide. It induces qualitative and quantitative losses in production, but also can be lethal to the infected citrus plant. The disease is caused by phloem-limited bacteria with three identified species, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), Ca. L. africanus (CLaf), and Ca. L. americanus (CLam). CLas and CLam are reported in Brazil, being vectored by the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri. HLB-infected citrus exhibit blotchy mottling with green islands on leaves, and small and lopsided fruits. As the infection progresses, excessive fruit drop and dead branches are frequently observed, shortening the trees' lifespan and reducing fruit yield and quality. HLB occurrence is restricted to the States of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul and Paraná, which corresponds to more than 85% of citrus production in Brazil. Although citrus production is concentrated in these states, commercial citrus groves are present in 85% of the microregions of Brazil, reinforcing the economic and social importance of citrus for the country. Thus, in addition to the economic damage already caused to the national citrus industry, the spread of HLB to other regions of Brazil represents a great risk to the economic and food security of these non-affected regions. For this reason, the management of HLB is supported by legislative force, both at the federal and state levels. In 2008, based on scientific knowledge at the time, the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture published a Normative Instruction 53 (IN53) which established criteria related to HLB surveillance and control, imposing the obligation to carry out periodic phytosanitary inspections, eradication of symptomatic hosts and planting HLB-free nursery trees. The implementation of IN53 has already resulted in the eradication of 55.5 million HLB-infected citrus plants in the State of São Paulo alone in the period from 2007 to 2019. In May 2021, IN53 was revoked and Portaria 317 was published. This new policy establishes the National Programme for HLB Prevention and Control. It addresses the problem according to the HLB status in each State, with or without the disease, and sets the general guidelines for local control actions. In view of the economic importance and complexity of this pathosystem, the disease has required concerted mobilization of the research community and inter-institutional cooperation, which has been working intensively to understand all the components directly and indirectly involved with the pathosystem. Also, a major cooperation effort is needed to gather all the information to develop and/or improve technologies and cultural practices to fight the disease better and reduce its impacts as much as possible. Here we present some of these efforts which are being carried out to develop short, medium and long term solutions for HLB control and management in areas of occurrence, as well as for surveillance and risk mitigation in non-affected areas.
Andrade, Eduardo Chumbinho; Girardi, Eduardo Augusto; Stuchi, Eduardo Sanches; Moreira, Alecio Souza; Freitas-Astua, Juliana; Fancelli, Marilene; Silva, Suely Xavier Brito; Laranjeira, Francisco Ferraz
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) and the Brazilian Efforts to Overcome the Disease Journal Article
In: Outlooks on Pest Management, vol. 32, iss. 5, pp. 189-194, 2021, ISSN: 17431034.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: CITRUS GREENING, CONTROL, DISEASE SURVEILLANCE, epidemiology, VECTORS
@article{nokey,
title = {Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) and the Brazilian Efforts to Overcome the Disease},
author = {Eduardo Chumbinho Andrade and Eduardo Augusto Girardi and Eduardo Sanches Stuchi and Alecio Souza Moreira and Juliana Freitas-Astua and Marilene Fancelli and Suely Xavier Brito Silva and Francisco Ferraz Laranjeira},
doi = {10.1564/V32_OCT_02},
issn = {17431034},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
journal = {Outlooks on Pest Management},
volume = {32},
issue = {5},
pages = {189-194},
publisher = {Research Information},
abstract = {Recorded in Brazil since 2004, Huanglongbing (HLB), or simply Greening, is the most impacting disease in citrus production worldwide. It induces qualitative and quantitative losses in production, but also can be lethal to the infected citrus plant. The disease is caused by phloem-limited bacteria with three identified species, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), Ca. L. africanus (CLaf), and Ca. L. americanus (CLam). CLas and CLam are reported in Brazil, being vectored by the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri. HLB-infected citrus exhibit blotchy mottling with green islands on leaves, and small and lopsided fruits. As the infection progresses, excessive fruit drop and dead branches are frequently observed, shortening the trees' lifespan and reducing fruit yield and quality. HLB occurrence is restricted to the States of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul and Paraná, which corresponds to more than 85% of citrus production in Brazil. Although citrus production is concentrated in these states, commercial citrus groves are present in 85% of the microregions of Brazil, reinforcing the economic and social importance of citrus for the country. Thus, in addition to the economic damage already caused to the national citrus industry, the spread of HLB to other regions of Brazil represents a great risk to the economic and food security of these non-affected regions. For this reason, the management of HLB is supported by legislative force, both at the federal and state levels. In 2008, based on scientific knowledge at the time, the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture published a Normative Instruction 53 (IN53) which established criteria related to HLB surveillance and control, imposing the obligation to carry out periodic phytosanitary inspections, eradication of symptomatic hosts and planting HLB-free nursery trees. The implementation of IN53 has already resulted in the eradication of 55.5 million HLB-infected citrus plants in the State of São Paulo alone in the period from 2007 to 2019. In May 2021, IN53 was revoked and Portaria 317 was published. This new policy establishes the National Programme for HLB Prevention and Control. It addresses the problem according to the HLB status in each State, with or without the disease, and sets the general guidelines for local control actions. In view of the economic importance and complexity of this pathosystem, the disease has required concerted mobilization of the research community and inter-institutional cooperation, which has been working intensively to understand all the components directly and indirectly involved with the pathosystem. Also, a major cooperation effort is needed to gather all the information to develop and/or improve technologies and cultural practices to fight the disease better and reduce its impacts as much as possible. Here we present some of these efforts which are being carried out to develop short, medium and long term solutions for HLB control and management in areas of occurrence, as well as for surveillance and risk mitigation in non-affected areas.},
keywords = {CITRUS GREENING, CONTROL, DISEASE SURVEILLANCE, epidemiology, VECTORS},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Recorded in Brazil since 2004, Huanglongbing (HLB), or simply Greening, is the most impacting disease in citrus production worldwide. It induces qualitative and quantitative losses in production, but also can be lethal to the infected citrus plant. The disease is caused by phloem-limited bacteria with three identified species, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), Ca. L. africanus (CLaf), and Ca. L. americanus (CLam). CLas and CLam are reported in Brazil, being vectored by the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri. HLB-infected citrus exhibit blotchy mottling with green islands on leaves, and small and lopsided fruits. As the infection progresses, excessive fruit drop and dead branches are frequently observed, shortening the trees' lifespan and reducing fruit yield and quality. HLB occurrence is restricted to the States of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul and Paraná, which corresponds to more than 85% of citrus production in Brazil. Although citrus production is concentrated in these states, commercial citrus groves are present in 85% of the microregions of Brazil, reinforcing the economic and social importance of citrus for the country. Thus, in addition to the economic damage already caused to the national citrus industry, the spread of HLB to other regions of Brazil represents a great risk to the economic and food security of these non-affected regions. For this reason, the management of HLB is supported by legislative force, both at the federal and state levels. In 2008, based on scientific knowledge at the time, the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture published a Normative Instruction 53 (IN53) which established criteria related to HLB surveillance and control, imposing the obligation to carry out periodic phytosanitary inspections, eradication of symptomatic hosts and planting HLB-free nursery trees. The implementation of IN53 has already resulted in the eradication of 55.5 million HLB-infected citrus plants in the State of São Paulo alone in the period from 2007 to 2019. In May 2021, IN53 was revoked and Portaria 317 was published. This new policy establishes the National Programme for HLB Prevention and Control. It addresses the problem according to the HLB status in each State, with or without the disease, and sets the general guidelines for local control actions. In view of the economic importance and complexity of this pathosystem, the disease has required concerted mobilization of the research community and inter-institutional cooperation, which has been working intensively to understand all the components directly and indirectly involved with the pathosystem. Also, a major cooperation effort is needed to gather all the information to develop and/or improve technologies and cultural practices to fight the disease better and reduce its impacts as much as possible. Here we present some of these efforts which are being carried out to develop short, medium and long term solutions for HLB control and management in areas of occurrence, as well as for surveillance and risk mitigation in non-affected areas.
2018
Andrade, Daniel J.; Lorençon, José R.; Siqueira, Diego S.; Novelli, Valdenice M.; Bassanezi, Renato B.
Space–time variability of citrus leprosis as strategic planning for crop management Journal Article
In: Pest Management Science, vol. 74, iss. 8, pp. 1798-1803, 2018, ISSN: 1526-4998.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Brevipalpus spp, CiLV, Citrus leprosis virus, Citrus sinensis, epidemiology, geostatistics
@article{Andrade2018,
title = {Space–time variability of citrus leprosis as strategic planning for crop management},
author = {Daniel J. Andrade and José R. Lorençon and Diego S. Siqueira and Valdenice M. Novelli and Renato B. Bassanezi},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ps.4877 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ps.4877 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ps.4877},
doi = {10.1002/PS.4877},
issn = {1526-4998},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Pest Management Science},
volume = {74},
issue = {8},
pages = {1798-1803},
publisher = {John Wiley & Sons, Ltd},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Citrus leprosis is the most important viral disease of citrus. Knowledge of its spatiotemporal structure is fundamental to a representative sampling plan focused on the disease control approach. Such a well-crafted sampling design helps to reduce pesticide use in agriculture to control pests and diseases. RESULTS: Despite the use of acaricides to control citrus leprosis vector (Brevipalpus spp.) populations, the disease has spread rapidly through experimental areas. Citrus leprosis has an aggregate spatial distribution, with high dependence among symptomatic plants. Temporal variation in disease incidence increased among symptomatic plants by 4% per month. CONCLUSIONS: Use of acaricides alone to control the vector of leprosis is insufficient to avoid its incidence in healthy plants. Preliminary investigation into the time and space variation in the incidence of the disease is fundamental to select a sampling plan and determine effective strategies for disease management. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.},
keywords = {Brevipalpus spp, CiLV, Citrus leprosis virus, Citrus sinensis, epidemiology, geostatistics},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
BACKGROUND: Citrus leprosis is the most important viral disease of citrus. Knowledge of its spatiotemporal structure is fundamental to a representative sampling plan focused on the disease control approach. Such a well-crafted sampling design helps to reduce pesticide use in agriculture to control pests and diseases. RESULTS: Despite the use of acaricides to control citrus leprosis vector (Brevipalpus spp.) populations, the disease has spread rapidly through experimental areas. Citrus leprosis has an aggregate spatial distribution, with high dependence among symptomatic plants. Temporal variation in disease incidence increased among symptomatic plants by 4% per month. CONCLUSIONS: Use of acaricides alone to control the vector of leprosis is insufficient to avoid its incidence in healthy plants. Preliminary investigation into the time and space variation in the incidence of the disease is fundamental to select a sampling plan and determine effective strategies for disease management. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
2017
Tassi, Aline Daniele; Garita-Salazar, Laura Cristina; Amorim, Lilian; Novelli, Valdenice Moreira; Freitas-Astúa, Juliana; Childers, Carl C.; Kitajima, Elliot W.
Virus-vector relationship in the Citrus leprosis pathosystem Journal Article
In: Experimental and Applied Acarology, vol. 71, iss. 3, pp. 227-241, 2017, ISSN: 15729702.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Brevipalpus yothersi, epidemiology, Latent period, Virus access acquisition period, Virus access inoculation period
@article{Tassi2017b,
title = {Virus-vector relationship in the Citrus leprosis pathosystem},
author = {Aline Daniele Tassi and Laura Cristina Garita-Salazar and Lilian Amorim and Valdenice Moreira Novelli and Juliana Freitas-Astúa and Carl C. Childers and Elliot W. Kitajima},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10493-017-0123-0},
doi = {10.1007/S10493-017-0123-0/FIGURES/3},
issn = {15729702},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Experimental and Applied Acarology},
volume = {71},
issue = {3},
pages = {227-241},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
abstract = {Citrus leprosis has been one of the most destructive diseases of citrus in the Americas. In the last decade important progress has been achieved such as the complete genome sequencing of its main causal agent, Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C), belonging to a new genus Cilevirus. It is transmitted by Brevipalpus yothersi Baker (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), and is characterized by the localized symptoms it induces on the leaves, fruits and stems. It occurs in the American continents from Mexico to Argentina. The virus was until recently considered restricted to Citrus spp. However, it was found naturally infecting other plants species as Swinglea glutinosa Merrill and Commelina benghalensis L., and has been experimentally transmitted by B. yothersi to a large number of plant species. Despite these advances little is known about the virus-vector relationship that is a key to understanding the epidemiology of the disease. Some components of the CiLV-C/B. yothersi relationship were determined using the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. ‘IAC Una’) as a test plant. They included: (a) the virus acquisition access period was 4 h; (b) the virus inoculation access period was 2 h; (c) the latent period between acquisition and inoculation was 7 h; (d) the period of retention of the virus by a single viruliferous mite was at least 12 days; (d) the percentage of viruliferous individuals from mite colonies on infected tissues ranged from 25 to 60%. The experiments confirmed previous data that all developmental stages of B. yothersi (larva, protonymph and deutonymph, adult female and male) were able to transmit CiLV-C and that transovarial transmission of the virus did not occur. CiLV-C can be acquired from lesions on leaves, fruits and stems by B. yothersi. Based on the distribution of lesions produced by single viruliferous B. yothersi on bean leaves, it is concluded that they tend to feed in restricted areas, usually near the veins. The short latent and transmission periods during the larval stage suggest that the CiLV-C/B. yothersi relationship is of the persistent circulative type.},
keywords = {Brevipalpus yothersi, epidemiology, Latent period, Virus access acquisition period, Virus access inoculation period},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Citrus leprosis has been one of the most destructive diseases of citrus in the Americas. In the last decade important progress has been achieved such as the complete genome sequencing of its main causal agent, Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C), belonging to a new genus Cilevirus. It is transmitted by Brevipalpus yothersi Baker (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), and is characterized by the localized symptoms it induces on the leaves, fruits and stems. It occurs in the American continents from Mexico to Argentina. The virus was until recently considered restricted to Citrus spp. However, it was found naturally infecting other plants species as Swinglea glutinosa Merrill and Commelina benghalensis L., and has been experimentally transmitted by B. yothersi to a large number of plant species. Despite these advances little is known about the virus-vector relationship that is a key to understanding the epidemiology of the disease. Some components of the CiLV-C/B. yothersi relationship were determined using the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. ‘IAC Una’) as a test plant. They included: (a) the virus acquisition access period was 4 h; (b) the virus inoculation access period was 2 h; (c) the latent period between acquisition and inoculation was 7 h; (d) the period of retention of the virus by a single viruliferous mite was at least 12 days; (d) the percentage of viruliferous individuals from mite colonies on infected tissues ranged from 25 to 60%. The experiments confirmed previous data that all developmental stages of B. yothersi (larva, protonymph and deutonymph, adult female and male) were able to transmit CiLV-C and that transovarial transmission of the virus did not occur. CiLV-C can be acquired from lesions on leaves, fruits and stems by B. yothersi. Based on the distribution of lesions produced by single viruliferous B. yothersi on bean leaves, it is concluded that they tend to feed in restricted areas, usually near the veins. The short latent and transmission periods during the larval stage suggest that the CiLV-C/B. yothersi relationship is of the persistent circulative type.